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Shadow passwords improve system security by moving encrypted password hashes from the world-readable `/etc/passwd` file to `/etc/shadow`, which is readable only by the `root` user.
Shadow passwords store information about password aging.
Shadow passwords allow the `/etc/login.defs` file to enforce security policies.
Most utilities provided by the [package]*shadow-utils* package work properly whether or not shadow passwords are enabled. However, since password aging information is stored exclusively in the `/etc/shadow` file, some utilities and commands do not work without first enabling shadow passwords:
The [command]#chage# utility for setting password-aging parameters. For details, see the link:++https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/7/html/Security_Guide/chap-Hardening_Your_System_with_Tools_and_Services.html#sec-Password_Security++[Password Security] section in the [citetitle]_Red{nbsp}Hat Enterprise{nbsp}Linux{nbsp}7 Security Guide_.
The [command]#gpasswd# utility for administrating the `/etc/group` file.
The [command]#usermod# command with the [option]`-e, --expiredate` or [option]`-f, --inactive` option.
The [command]#useradd# command with the [option]`-e, --expiredate` or [option]`-f, --inactive` option.
Managing Users in a Graphical Environment
indexterm:[users,user configuration]indexterm:[groups,group configuration]indexterm:[user configuration,viewing list of users]indexterm:[group configuration,viewing list of groups]indexterm:[the Users settings tool,user configuration] The [application]*Users* utility allows you to view, modify, add, and delete local users in the graphical user interface.
Using the Users Settings Tool
Press the kbd:[Super] key to enter the Activities Overview, type [command]#Users# and then press kbd:[Enter]. The [application]*Users* settings tool appears. The kbd:[Super] key appears in a variety of guises, depending on the keyboard and other hardware, but often as either the Windows or Command key, and typically to the left of the Spacebar.
To make changes to the user accounts, first select the btn:[Unlock] button and authenticate yourself as indicated by the dialog box that appears. Note that unless you have superuser privileges, the application will prompt you to authenticate as `root`. To add and remove users, select the btn:[+] and btn:[-] button respectively. To add a user to the administrative group `wheel`, change the Account Type from `Standard` to `Administrator`. To edit a user's language setting, select the language and a drop-down menu appears.
The Users Settings Tool
The Users settings tool
managing_users.png
The commandline for call this Gui is : [user@domain ~]$ kcmshell5 user_manager When a new user is created, the account is disabled until a password is set. The Add User menu contains the options to set a password by the administrator immediately, or to allow the user to choose a password at the first login.
Using Command Line Tools
indexterm:[users,tools for management of,useradd]indexterm:[users,tools for management of,the Users setting tool]indexterm:[groups,tools for management of,groupadd] Apart from the [application]*Users* settings tool described in xref:basic-system-configuration/Managing_Users_and_Groups.adoc#s1-users-configui[Managing Users in a Graphical Environment], which is designed for basic managing of users, you can use command line tools for managing users and groups that are listed in xref:Managing_Users_and_Groups.adoc#table-users-tools[Command line utilities for managing users and groups].
Command line utilities for managing users and groups
|Utilities|Description
|[command]#id#|Displays user and group IDs.
|[command]#useradd#, [command]#usermod#, [command]#userdel#|Standard utilities for adding, modifying, and deleting user accounts.
|[command]#groupadd#, [command]#groupmod#, [command]#groupdel#|Standard utilities for adding, modifying, and deleting groups.
|[command]#gpasswd#|Standard utility for administering the `/etc/group` configuration file.
|[command]#pwck#, [command]#grpck#|Utilities that can be used for verification of the password, group, and associated shadow files.
|[command]#pwconv#, [command]#pwunconv#|Utilities that can be used for the conversion of passwords to shadow passwords, or back from shadow passwords to standard passwords.
|[command]#grpconv#, [command]#grpunconv#|Similar to the previous, these utilities can be used for conversion of shadowed information for group accounts.
Adding a New User
indexterm:[useradd command,user account creation using]indexterm:[adding,user]indexterm:[user configuration,command line configuration,useradd] To add a new user to the system, type the following at a shell prompt as `root`:
[command]#useradd# _options_ _username_
…where _options_ are command-line options as described in xref:Managing_Users_and_Groups.adoc#table-useradd-options[Common useradd command-line options]. indexterm:[user configuration,command line configuration,passwd] By default, the [command]#useradd# command creates a locked user account. To unlock the account, run the following command as `root` to assign a password:
[command]#passwd# _username_
Optionally, you can set a password aging policy. See xref:Managing_Users_and_Groups.adoc#s2-users-tools-password-aging[Enabling Password Aging] for information on how to enable password aging.
Common useradd command-line options
|Option|Description
|[option]`-c`pass:attributes[{blank}] 'pass:attributes[{blank}]_comment_pass:attributes[{blank}]'|_comment_ can be replaced with any string. This option is generally used to specify the full name of a user.
|[option]`-d`pass:attributes[{blank}] pass:attributes[{blank}]_home_directory_|Home directory to be used instead of default `/home/pass:attributes[{blank}]_username_pass:attributes[{blank}]/`.
|[option]`-e`pass:attributes[{blank}] pass:attributes[{blank}]_date_|Date for the account to be disabled in the format YYYY-MM-DD.
|[option]`-f`pass:attributes[{blank}] pass:attributes[{blank}]_days_|Number of days after the password expires until the account is disabled. If `0` is specified, the account is disabled immediately after the password expires. If `-1` is specified, the account is not disabled after the password expires.
|[option]`-g`pass:attributes[{blank}] pass:attributes[{blank}]_group_name_|Group name or group number for the user's default (primary) group. The group must exist prior to being specified here.
|[option]`-G`pass:attributes[{blank}] pass:attributes[{blank}]_group_list_|List of additional (supplementary, other than default) group names or group numbers, separated by commas, of which the user is a member. The groups must exist prior to being specified here.
|[option]`-m`|Create the home directory if it does not exist.
|[option]`-M`|Do not create the home directory.
|[option]`-N`|Do not create a user private group for the user.
|[option]`-p`pass:attributes[{blank}] pass:attributes[{blank}]_password_|The password encrypted with [command]#crypt#.
|[option]`-r`|Create a system account with a UID less than 1000 and without a home directory.
|[option]`-s`|User's login shell, which defaults to [command]#/bin/bash#.
|[option]`-u`pass:attributes[{blank}] pass:attributes[{blank}]_uid_|User ID for the user, which must be unique and greater than 999.
The command-line options associated with the [command]#usermod# command are essentially the same. Note that if you want to add a user to another supplementary group, you need to use the [option]`-a, --append` option with the [option]`-G` option. Otherwise the list of supplementary groups for the user will be overwritten by those specified with the [command]#usermod -G# command.
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Source string location
./pages/basic-system-configuration/Managing_Users_and_Groups.adoc:68
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Source string age
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pot/f37/pages/basic-system-configuration/Managing_Users_and_Groups.pot, string 30